Þē International Phœnetic Alphabet (IPA)

Consonants (Pulmonic)

Plosive

p

b

t

d

c

k

g

q

Nasal

m

n

ŋ

Trill

в

r

Tap/Flap

Fricative

β

f

v

θ

ð

s

z

ç

x

γ

χ

ћ

h

Lateral Fricative

Approximant

υ

j

Lateral Approximant

l

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Clicks		Voiced Implosives		Ejectives
	Bilabial		Bilabial	’	as in:
	Dental		Dental/Alveolar	p’	Bilabial
!	(Post)alveolar		Palatal	t’	Dental/Alveolar
	Palatoalveolar		Velar	k’	Velar
	Alveolar Lateral		Uvular	s’	Alveolar Fricative

Front

Central

Back

Close

i

·

y

·

·

u

Close-Mid

e

·

ø

·

·

o

Open-Mid

ε

·

œ

·

·

æ

Open

a

·

·

·

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

	Voiceless labiovelar fricative		Alveolopalatal fricatives
w	Voiced labiovelar fricative		Alveolar lateral flap
	Voiced labiopalatal approximant		Simultaneous and x
	Voiceless epiglottal fricative	Affricates and double articulartions can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary.
	Voiced epiglottal fricative
	Epiglottal fricative